The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer Essay - 1115 Words

The Canterbury Tales is a set of stories written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the fourteenth century. The stories were told by a group of pilgrims traveling to Canterbury Cathedral, in hopes to see a shrine of Saint Thomas Becket. To make time go by the host recommended each pilgrim tell a tale. The tale that each character gives, reveals that person’s background and life. Some pilgrims matched their stereotype of that time but most do not. The Prioress, Madame Eglentyne, and Wife of Bath, Allison, are two characters that do not fit their stereotype of the Middle Ages. Geoffrey Chaucer demonstrates a reflection of change in The Canterbury Tales by comparing their appearances, actions, and morals. The Prioress and Wife of Bath do not match the†¦show more content†¦The Wife of Bath is popularly known for her extravagant clothing; she wore an elaborate hat, scarlet stockings, and a skirt (Chute 125-126). She is a clothes maker and she makes herself clothes that look like high class. Her headdress draws attention to her, this shows she has a â€Å"prideful nature†. She wears â€Å"scarlet hosen† that resemble wealth and higher class. On pilgrimages she wears a simple pheasant hat and wimple that resemble that of a lower class, unlike her Sunday headdress. Her change of attire from Sundays to pilgrimages, portrays she is on top of fashion in her time (â€Å"The Wife of Bath†). Not only do they show a change with their appearances but also in their actions. Chaucer describes the Prioress and the Wife of Bath as characters completely opposite from their social status, that â€Å"do not fit into medieval stereotype† (Gordić). Chaucer makes The Prioress a character on the pilgrimage to show her ways of the church are opposite than a normal nun in this time (Wickham). Although the Prioress is described as â€Å"delicate†, â€Å"subtle†, and â€Å"affectionate†, Chaucer could not help but give the Prioress a twist from her seemingly proper stereotype (Chute 123). In the fourteenth century, a nun was a woman devoting herself to follow religious guidelines of â€Å"poverty, chastity, and obedience† (Durant 305). Chaucer makes the Prioress seem like a two faced woman (Wickham). Chaucer calls the Prioress Madame Eglentyne, nuns are called â€Å"Sister not Madame† (Durant). TheShow MoreRelatedThe Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey Chaucer1582 Words   |  7 Pages Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the Canterbury tales a collection of short tales in the 14th century. The compilation of stories are told by different characters within the narrative as part of a game proposed by the host. Each individual must tell two stories on their journey and two stories on their way back. Each story tells some aspects of English life during the time and often added satire like qualities to the English life. In particular Chaucer often tells stories with elements of the relationshipRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer913 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer consists of frame narratives were a group of pilgrims that are traveling from Southwark to the shire of St. Becker in the Canterbury Cathedral, tell each other to pass time until they arrive at their destination. During The Canterbury Tales the reader is exposed to many characters that represent all of the social classes of medieval England and the reader gets to know them from t he general prologue to each individual tale. One of these characters is the PardonerRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2127 Words   |  9 PagesIt is unknown when Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales, but it is assumed that he wrote it in 1387. There are many different aspects and themes throughout this paper that are very prominent. One theme that is very important is the importance of company. This entire tale is about twenty-nine pilgrims who all tell tales while on a pilgrimage to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket in Canterbury. The importance of company is that this is a pilgrimage that requires companions and friendship. ThoughRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1073 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer introduced and described a variety of fictional characters that lived in the Middle Ages. It was the time period that European civilians were governed by a system called feudalism. Where kings were the head of the s ystem and everyone was categorized in social classes. In the prologue of The Canterbury Tales the first character introduced was the knight. Geoffrey Chaucer depicts the knight correctly by characterizing him as a chivalrous and honorable man,Read MoreThe Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer1585 Words   |  7 Pageswas published toward the end of his life, Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales was his longest and most popular work. The plot is made up of tales told by thirty-one different pilgrims as they embark on a pilgrimage to the shrine of Saint Thomas a Becket in Canterbury. His initial idea was to have each pilgrim tell four stories a piece during the pilgrimage, but Chaucer either died before finishing or decided to change this idea, as only twenty-four tales presently make up the work. The prologue ofRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer963 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer is a collection of 24 stories written during the Midd le Ages. The tales were written with the intent of criticizing the functions of societal standards as well as the beliefs of the Church. â€Å"The Miller’s Tale,† one the most popular stories, offers unique insights into the customs and practices of the English middle class during the Middle Ages. The story follows the lives of John, Absolon, and Nicholas, three men who are involved with a beautiful woman namedRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2664 Words   |  11 PagesThe Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales was written by Geoffrey Chaucer in 1392, during the medieval period in Europe. Three important aspects, his family’s ties to the court, his schooling and working for royalty (XI), and his love for reading and learning (XII) all combined and enabled him to create his greatest work, The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer includes many different characters, pilgrims, all from very unique walks of life. Although there are not as many women included as men, their storiesRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2648 Words   |  11 PagesThe Canterbury Tales was written by Geoffrey Chaucer in 1392, during the medieval period in Europe. Three important aspects, his family’s ties to the court, his schooling and working for royalty (XI), and his love for reading and learning (XII) all combined and enabled him to create his greatest work, The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer includes many different characters, pilgrims, all from very unique walks of life. Although there are not as many women included as men, their stories give some extraordinaryRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer2221 Words   |  9 Pagesin medieval literature is the Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer. This research seeks to examine the life of Chaucer, the Canterbury Tales, and the impact and legacy of both the author and the work. Agnes Copton gave birth to a baby boy c. 1340, whom she named Geoffrey. The baby took the surname of his father John Chaucer, who came from a family of wine merchants. The family relied on strategic relationships to subsidize where they lacked in wealth. Chaucer was fluent in French, ItalianRead MoreCanterbury Tales By Geoffrey Chaucer1380 Words   |  6 PagesCanterbury Tales Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer was a story of not the people themselves but a social statement of how the people of higher standing were viewed by the middle class. In the time that Canterbury Tales was written it was a time of corruption of the Church. There were many clergy members that were mentioned in this story. Each of the characters was unique in the way they went against the standards they should be held to. The most interesting this story was definitely The

Essay on Business Process Redesign Or Reengineering

Business Process Redesign or Reengineering nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Business Process Redesign (BPR) or Reengineering is quot;the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service, and speedquot; (Hammer and Champy, Reengineering). Since the BPR idea has surfaced it has been under constant ridicule by the popular press. They say it takes far too long, creates management headaches, fails 70% of the time, and its only for big companies with big checkbooks (Hydrel...). However, I feel that with the right plan, the right people, and total commitment from those involved, BPR or Reengineering can work for†¦show more content†¦The new computer system will also be used by the quality team to update their new metrics system. The quality team developed a completely new system for the reengineering process. This new metrics system continually updates them on changes in the market that deal with quality. This is important so they can deal with the changes right away and stay competitive. And finally the information team came in to wrap up the whole process and implement the new computer system. They design a system that fit the current demands but is able to grow and expand a the same rate as the company. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Due to total commitment from the right people, using the right methods Hydrel has successfully reengineered the process of order management and positioned the company for dramatic profitable growth. And they have proved my statement that reengineering can work for every company no matter what their size. The Texas Commerce Bank Experience nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In early 1994, Texas Commerce Bank (TCB) launched a reengineering process called Process Improvement, which included every organizational process and all 9,000 employees (Betting...). TCBs goals for their program were: remove all employee frustrations associated with policies, processes, services, or products; change processes to improve quality, deliver improved service to customers, and eliminate unnecessary expenses (Betting...). However, TBC took aShow MoreRelatedBusiness Process Redesign or Reengineering1009 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness Process Redesign or Reengineering Business Process Redesign (BPR) or Reengineering is the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service, and speed (Hammer and Champy, Reengineering). Since the BPR idea has surfaced it has been under constant ridicule by the popular press. They say it takes far too long, creates management headaches, fails 70% of theRead MoreReengineering The Corporation : A Manifesto For Business Revolution1437 Words   |  6 Pagesthe book Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution, Michael Hammer and James Champy discuss a concept that he originated known as â€Å"reengineering†. The process of reengineering involves coming up with new ideas, specifically processes, which are technologically advanced and extremely effective in completing corporate work. Companies must think ahead so that they will not only succeed today, but also set the rules for future business. A critical part of reengineering involvesRead MoreBusiness Process Reengineering : Company Values On Customer Needs Essay764 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness Process Reengineering involves the radical redesign of core business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in productivity, cycle times and quality. In Business Process Reengineering , companies start with a blank sheet of paper and re-think existing processes to deliver more value to the customer. They typically adopt a new value system that places increased emphasis on customer needs. Companies reduce organizational layers and eliminate unproductive activities in two key areas. FirstRead MoreBusiness Process Reengineering Essay1589 Words   |  7 PagesBackground Business process reengineering has widely become a significant trend in enterprise organizations seeking to innovate and massage business processes. It should come as no surprise that â€Å"over the last decade, numerous organizations have significantly changed their business processes in order to remain competitive in the global market† (Hadaya Pellerin, 2008). The text analyzes business process reengineering as a business process solution for efficiently improving information systems withinRead MoreBpr at Ford Motor Company, India1213 Words   |  5 PagesCHALLENGE: need for business process reengineering in Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company is the world’s second largest manufacturer of cars and trucks with products sold in more than 200 markets. The company employs nearly 400,000 people worldwide, and has grown to offer consumers eight of the world’s most recognizable automotive brands. CHALLENGE With inherent large-scale growth issues, more demanding customers, and mounting cost pressures, Ford needed to transform from a linear, top-downRead MoreReview Of Michael Hammer s Reengineering At Net Speed Essay900 Words   |  4 PagesHammer, Ph.D. The three articles are â€Å"Reengineering at Net Speed†, â€Å"The New Business Agenda† and â€Å"Putting Six Sigma in Perspective†. Dr. Hammer earned his bachelors, masters and Ph.D. in computer science from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was professor in the computer science department at MIT and a lecturer in the MIT Sloan School of Management. He is best known for his work in business process engineering (https://en.wikipedia.org). Reengineering At Net Speed â€Å"Fasten your seat belt;Read MoreThe Case of Chase Manhattan Bank Essay1516 Words   |  7 PagesThe scope of reengineering includes process improvement, process reengineering, business reengineering and transformation. The case of Chase Manhattan Bank belongs to the process reengineering, not process improvement or quick hits. In Chase Manhattan Bank, reengineering requires not only the rethinking of the business process but a concurrent examination and redesign of the information technologies and organization that support these processes. The Scope also includes entire business enterprise,Read MoreQuality Management Essays1305 Words   |  6 Pagesimprove the quality of their services due to fact that the health care environment continues to change dramatically. There are various understandings on what quality is. Kairong (2010) states that it can be refer to the process in which inspections are conducted to detect defects, the process in which products are produced to meet customer requirements, or it can be defined as customer satisfaction. No matter how quality is defined, Manghani (2011) argues that it â€Å"should remain the hallmark of a companyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Reengineering The Business World 1240 Words   |  5 Pagesbegan reading this book with an open mind even though I have heard mixed reviews about this subject of â€Å"reengineering the business world† before. Now, personally I do think this book is a bit out dated as the business world as evolved a lot since this book was written, for example neither of the authors mentioned outsourcing yet in the business world today, outsourcing is one of the newest reengineering solutions for the biggest, most complex, and costly processes companies face today. However there areRead MoreThe Changing Scenario Of Sbi ( State Bank Of India ) After Adopting The Concept Of Bpr Essay1503 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Financial institutions and banks will continuously claim in order to provide the customer driven services. For this the banks and financial institutions are being adopted the unique concepts in business process reengineering i.e., the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign in the business of processes to achieve the dramatic improvements of critical, contemporary measures in performance such as the cost, quality, speed and service. At present the era of cut throat competition in both at

Case against the Death Penalty Free Essays

string(56) " The sentencing phase almost amounts to a second trial\." When the then United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan was presented with a petition containing 3. 2 million signatures from 146 countries for a worldwide moratorium on the death sentence, he had commented: â€Å"The forfeiture of life is too absolute, too irreversible, for one human being to inflict it on another, even when backed by legal process. And I believe that future generations, throughout the world, will come to agree. We will write a custom essay sample on Case against the Death Penalty or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (Gettings) The words of the former UN Secretary General were in fact an echo of the sentiments of the millions of signatories to the petition that was presented to him. The death sentence strikes at the core of human sensitivity and sensibility. The world is divided into almost two equal camps – one passionately in support and the other equally passionately against this extreme measure of censure in human history. Forty-seven percent Americans support the death penalty, while 48% would rather prefer life without payrole (Death Penalty Information Centre). Both the camps present practical, logical and convincing arguments favoring their stand. Those who are against the death penalty believe that this extreme measure has minimum deterrent effect, violates the most fundamental of human rights, i. e. the right to life, is completely out of sync with civilized society and should be abolished outright and forthwith. Those who support the death penalty, on the other hand, do so because they hold that it acts as a major deterrent to heinous crimes, crimes committed by criminals who, according to them, not only do not deserve a place in society, but also lose the right to life. They have to die so that any chance of them repeating their crime and adding others to their list of victims is eliminated forever. The state, it is reasoned, takes the life to accord protection to future victims of the convicted. An objective analysis of the arguments for and against the death penalty however can only lead to the inevitable conclusion that the death penalty has no place in civilized society. Two very undeniable and universal facts override all arguments in support of the death penalty: the fundamental human right to life along with all its critical implications to the individual and to society, and the irrevocability and finality of the death sentence that takes away all probability of redemption or reconsideration at the face of the human nature to err. The Deterrent Factor Those who support the death penalty do so on the basis of the belief that it acts as a strong deterrent to crimes similar to those committed by the condemned. The facts and figures, however, tell a different story. In the United States, the south accounts for 80% of the total executions, yet it has the highest murder rate. However, the northeast, which has less than 1% of all executions, also has the lowest murder rate (Death Penalty Information Centre). The figures lend themselves to very straight forward interpretations: either the death penalty is failing miserably to act as a deterrent in the south or it has to be accepted that the citizenry of the south is inherently more murderous in nature or is simply more susceptible to murder. There are other figures that corroborate the fact that the death penalty does not actually result in a decrease in murder rates. In Canada, the death penalty was abolished in 1976. The homicide rate in the country started declining since 1975, and in 1999 the homicide rate was the lowest since 1967. An analysis by the New York Times in 2000 found that the homicide rates in the US states with the death penalty have been 48% to 101% higher than in states without the death penalty (John Howard Society of Ontario). An overwhelming 84% of the top criminologists of the United States have rejected the notion that the death penalty acts as a deterrent to murder (Radelet Akers). The Amnesty International has also failed to find conclusive evidence that the death penalty has any unique capacity to deter others from committing similar crimes. In its survey of research findings on the relation between the death penalty and homicide rates conducted in 1998 and updated in 2002, it concluded that it was â€Å"not prudent to accept the hypothesis that capital punishment deters murder to a marginally greater extent than does the threat and application of the supposedly lesser punishment of life imprisonment. † (Hood 230) If deterrence implies that the condemned is rendered unable to repeat the crime and claim more victim, then it will also have to imply that the condemned would have repeated the crime if allowed to escape the death penalty. That can however be an assumption and an assumption only. And even if we assume that the condemned person would have indeed tried to repeat the crime, it would be possible only if the person is allowed the liberty and the opportunity to do so. Life imprisonment without parole would be a preferred alternative to the death penalty in such a case. Critics would however be quick to point out the financial implications of life imprisonment. Alternative means to incapacitate In practice, however, numerous studies have found that the cost of implementing a death penalty is much higher than the cost of maintaining a prisoner for life. There are many reasons why the death penalty is more expensive than life imprisonment without the possibility of parole (Capital Punishment Project): i. A much higher percentage of cases go to trial in case of death penalties. ii. Murder trials generally take longer when the death penalty is at issue. A capital murder trial lasts over 3. 5 time longer than non-capital murder trials (Cook Slawson). Certain constitutional safeguards have to be taken in the case of death penalty trials leading to greater time requirement. The Jury selection procedure is also more complex and tedious and takes more time. iii. Death penalty trials require more intense pretrial preparations and more elaborate proceedings. The sentencing phase almost amounts to a second trial. You read "Case against the Death Penalty" in category "Papers" All litigation costs, more often than not, have to be borne by the tax payer. The Joint Legislative Budget Committee of the California Legislature has concluded that â€Å"elimination of the death penalty would result in a net savings to the state of at least several tens of millions of dollars annually, and a net savings to local governments in the millions to tens of millions of dollars on a statewide basis. † (Budget Committee) It is therefore amply clear the life imprisonment without parole is a comparatively cheaper and equally effective alternative to the death penalty, but imposed the same degree of incapacitation on the condemned on the individual level. The May 2006 Gallup Poll (in the United States) found that overall support for the death penalty was 65% (down from 80% in 1994). The same poll revealed that when respondents are given the choice of life without parole as an alternate sentencing option, more choose life without parole (48%) than the death penalty (47%). (John Howard Society of Ontario) Irreversibility of the Death Penalty The intrinsic weakness of the death penalty as a justifiable measure lies in the fact that it is irreversible and irrevocable. Numerous examples bear testimony to the fact that even the highest judicial system of any country can make mistakes, that innocent persons have been dealt the death penalty time and again, that persons on the death row had been granted last minute reprieve when their innocence had been proved. Studies reveal that more than 200 people have been wrongfully convicted of serious crimes such as murder and rape in California alone since 1989 (Martin). In the United States, 123 persons have been exonerated and released from death row since 1973 (Death Penalty Information Center). A 1980s study in the United States identified 353 cases since the turn of the century of wrongful convictions for offences punishable by death and 25 innocent persons were actually executed (John Howard Society of Ontario). The death penalty leaves no scope for errors in judgment. If a person is found to be innocent after the sentence has been carried out, there is no way in which the wrong can be undone. Unlike in other cases, the option for compensation for a wrong done is also completely ruled out in the case of the death penalty. It is therefore assumed that the state and the judicial mechanism are infallible, that there can be no mistakes. The facts have proved this assumption wrong. The core issue of human rights The most damning case against the death penalty is that it is an infringement on the most fundamental of all human rights – the right to life. A death penalty is imposed in the name of the state. But does the state actually have the right to deprive a person of his or her life? It could be a dangerous proposition even to believe so. Hitler’s Germany believed in the absolute right of the state. The consequences mark a very dark period in the history of humankind. Are we tempting fate again by according the state the right to impose and execute the death penalty? In the December 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, nations of the world came together to ensure the fundamental rights of every person. These human rights were not subject to the will of the state, but were declared to be inherent in every human being. It was not the state’s prerogative to grant or withdraw the human rights. The fundamental human rights therefore put limitations on what a state may do to a person. The Universal declaration recognizes each person’s right to life. The death penalty is therefore a fragrant violation of human rights. Human rights preserve the dignity of the individual. There can be no justification inhuman and cruel treatment and punishment that degrades the essence of humanity. The death penalty inflicts the most severe kind of mental and physical torture not only on the condemned, but also on al those who are related to the condemned. Every member of the society also has to own responsibility as a constituent unit of the state. In fact, the broader understanding of human rights issue has been the basis of abolition of the death penalty in many countries. In 1995, Spain abolished the death penalty on the grounds that the death penalty simply could not be fitted into the penal system of advanced and civilized societies, that depriving a person of life was too degrading or afflictive a punishment (Hood 14). The South African Constitutional Court (154) in its historic opinion when banning the death penalty commented that the death penalty violated the right to life and dignity which is the most important of all human rights. And by banning the death penalty, the state was effectively demonstrating the fact. Countries such as Singapore and Trinidad and Tobago have had to deny that the death penalty was a violation of human rights in order to carry on with their practice of the death penalty. However, the fact that the death penalty is a critical human rights issue has gained increasing acceptance at the international level. In 1997, the U. N. High Commission for Human Rights approved a resolution stating that the â€Å"abolition of the death penalty contributes to the enhancement of human dignity and to the progressive development of human rights. † (12) Subsequent resolutions strengthened this resolution by restricting the offences for which the death penalty could be imposed, eventually leading to abolition. The member states of the Council of Europe have established Protocol 6 to the European Council on Human Rights advocating the abolition of the death penalty. On the same grounds, the European Union had made the abolition of the death penalty a precondition for entry into the Union. This had resulted in the halting of executions in many east European countries such as Russia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Serbia, Montenegro and Turkey which had applied for membership to the Union. Not an eye for an eye Proponents of the death penalty attempt to justify their stand on the principle of lex talionis or ‘eye-for-an-eye’ which advocates that violence must in some measure be answered by violence or that the punishment should fit the crime. They believe that such retribution serves justice to murder victims and their survivors. Robert Blecker of the New York Law School testified: â€Å"Naturally grateful, we reward those who bring us pleasure. Instinctively resentful, we punish those who cause us pain. Retributively, society intentionally inflicts pain and suffering on criminals because and to the extent that they deserve it. But only to the extent they deserve it†¦. Justice, a moral imperative in itself, requires deserved punishment. † Just as the individual do not have the right to kill, society also should not be empowered to kill. The retribution theory would dictate that the rapist be raped and the house of the arsonist be set on fire. Such a policy would go against the basic tenets of justice. If violence can be justified by violence than it follows that every act of violence whether perpetuated by the state or the individual would be justifiable on some ground or the other. Retribution in kind would bring the state down to the level of the criminal. There would then be no distinction between the dispenser of the law and the one who violates it. Discriminatory Applications The extent of misuse of the death penalty is another reason that calls for its abolition. In the political context, the death penalty has often been used to eliminate opponents and suppress popular uprisings. Here, the question of fairness in making the judgment becomes a very subjective one. What is punishable by death for one political regime could very well be deemed a heroic act of valor for another. The labeling of the act therefore depends very much on the actors and the circumstances and the environment in which they operate. That is the reason why people who are executed are often subsequently turned into martyrs. It happened in Hitler’s Germany, in India and in South Africa. It is happening in Iraq, in Afghanistan, in Serbia and in many other places wherever two groups of people look at the world with conflicting perspectives. Take the example of Saddam Hussien. Richard Dicker’s, director of Human Rights Watch’s International Justice Program, was a rational voice when he said , â€Å"Saddam Hussein was responsible for massive human rights violations, but that can’t justify giving him the death penalty, which is a cruel and inhuman punishment. † (Human Rights Watch) A November 2006 report by Human Rights Watch pointed out numerous serious flaws in the trial of Saddam Hussein. Among other defects, the report found that Iraqi government actions had all along undermined the Iraqi High Tribunal and threatened its independence and perceived impartiality. Handing Saddam Hussein the death penalty has been viewed by a large section of the world as a measure made necessary by the prevailing political and military situation rather than a quest for justice. There is also a very strong view in the United States that the application of the death sentence is racially discriminatory. Studies have been conducted to examine the relationship between race and death penalty in all the states that where the death penalty is still active. The Capital Punishment Project reports that 96% studies found a pattern of either race-of-victim or race-of-defendant discrimination. Of those executed since 1976, approximately 35% have been black, even though blacks constitute only 12% of the population. It has been found that the odds of receiving a death sentence are almost four times higher if the defendant is black. The Amnesty International has also asserted that races does have an impact on capital punishment, and that the judicial system of the United States have been able to do precious little about it. Amnesty International has attributed this failure of the courts and legislatures of the USA to act decisively at the face of evidence that race has an impact on the death sentence to a collective ‘blind faith’ that America will never waver on the ‘non-negotiable’ demands of human dignity including ‘equal justice. ’ Even if the death penalty was justifiable, there is compelling evidence that its implementation falls far short of the standards of fairness expected. There is a tendency to use this extreme measure as an intimidating factor by the powerful forces of the world to assert themselves and to wrongfully dominate and suppress others. The world is coming around The good news is that the world at large is coming together to prove that the death penalty is an unacceptable proposition. The United Nations has declared itself in favour of abolition. Two-thirds of the countries of the world have now abolished the death penalty in law or in practice. In the United States itself, 13 states are now without the death penalty. The latest information from Amnesty International shows that: i. 90 countries and territories have abolished the death penalty for all crimes; ii. 11 countries have abolished the death penalty for all but exceptional crimes such as wartime crimes; iii. 30 countries can be considered abolitionist in practice: they retain the death penalty in law but have not carried out any executions for the past 10 years or more and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions, iv. a total of 131 countries have abolished the death penalty in law or practice, v. 66 other countries and territories retain and use the death penalty, but the number of countries which actually execute prisoners in any one year is much smaller. The debate over capital punishment has raged on long enough. The world is finally showing the door to the death penalty. In doing so, it is stating in no uncertain terms that the sanctity of life of a fellow human being is above the purview of all man-made laws. That only the giver of life has the right to take it back. Works Cited 1. Amnesty international, â€Å"United States of America, Death by discrimination – the continuing role of race in capital cases†, April 24, 2003. Library, Online Documentation Archive. November 10, 2007 http://web. amnesty. org/library/index/engamr510462003 2. Blecker, Robert. Letter to the New Jersey Death Penalty Study Commission supplementing previous testimony, October 24, 2006. 3. Budget Committee, Joint Legislative Budget Committee of the California Legislature, September 9, 1999. 4. Capital Punishment Project, â€Å"Race and the Death Penalty†, American Civil Liberties Union, November 10, 2007 http://www. aclu. org/death-penalty 5. Capital Punishment Project, â€Å"The High Costs of the Death Penalty. † American Civil Liberties Union, 2003. 6. Death Penalty Information Center, â€Å"Innocence and the Death Penalty†, November 9, 2006. http://www. deathpenaltyinfo. org/article. php? did=412scid=6 7. Death Penalty Information Centre. November 5, 2007 â€Å"Facts about the Death Penalty. † November 8, 2007. http://www. deathpenaltyinfo. org/FactSheet. pdf 8. Gettings, John. â€Å"Death Penalty Update, Here Abroad. † Infoplease, November 8, 2007. http://www. infoplease. com/spot/deathworld1. html 9. Hood, Roger, â€Å"The Death Penalty: A World-wide Perspective. † 2002. Oxford, Clarendon Press, third edition, 2002. 10. Human Rights Watch, â€Å"Iraq: Saddam Hussein put to Death. Hanging after flawed trial undermines the rule of law. † December 2006. Human Rights News. November 10, 2007 http://hrw. org/english/docs/2006/12/30/iraq14950. htm 11. John Howard Society of Ontario, â€Å"The Death Penalty: Any Nation’s Shame. † March, 2001, John Howard Society of Ontario publication. November 8, 2007 www. johnhowardphd. ca/PDFs/Fact%20Sheets/death%20penalty. pdf 12. Nina, Martin, â€Å"Innocence Lost†, November 2004, San Francisco Magazine, November 9, 2007, http://www. sanfran. com/archives/view_story/200/ 13. Philip J. Cook Donna B. Slawson, â€Å"The Costs of Prosecuting Murder Cases in North Carolina. † 1993 14. The South African Constitutional Court, â€Å"Makwanyane and Mchunu v. The State†, 16 HRLJ, 1995. 15. United Nations High Commission for Human Rights Resolution, E/CN. 4/1997, April 3, 1997. How to cite Case against the Death Penalty, Papers

Rhetorical And Critical Approaches Public â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Rhetorical And Critical Approaches To Public? Answer: Introducation With a donation of $ 20 million and various global programs the non profit Pretty Foundation makes a promise to long lasting improvements in education and women empowerment. Their main motive is not only to transform the lives of some of the poorest, but also to influence their global, regional and national agendas to work towards an equal society. The two new partnerships of the pretty foundation with the UNICEF ( Education ) and CARE ( Women empowerment ) has build on the achievements and the learning that has been made on the previous Global Programs that has ended in January 2017. With this new pledge, the total donation to the Global Program is more than a million in terms of the Australian currency. Over 10000 children are reached with education and almost 100000 women are empowered to expand or start their business. In addition to this the Government have added more resources towards the women empowerment and their education in some of the remotest and the poorest parts of the state. These have eventually made the program a huge success. We have seen that our program have made a real change and that makes both our foundation and our partner organisations very eager to move into the next gear. There is a constant need for some new innovative solutions and the Preety Foundation will continue to be a catalyst to make a positive change to the state. It is indeed a long term commitment that the foundation has taken as stated by XYZ, the General Manager of the Preety Foundation. In a recently launched Impact report, 2016 - 2017, the Preety Foundation has completed all its efforts so far and the program is also elaborately discussed in a short film Pretty foundation and its vision on Women Empowerment It is my pleasure to stand before you and deliver a speech on the Pretty Foundation and its work on empowering women. The story of this Pretty Foundation is quite similar to the other non profit organsations and has a far reaching impact on the negative body that has been well documented and it is only degrading due to the social media influences, its traditional and peer pressures. These have a drastically negative impacts on the women in our society and the girls of the next generation. This negative body image not only causes a distress but also contribute to the development of the unhealthy weight loss, depression and low self esteem. Our vision is to make the women feel confident about their body and to empower them with some sort of business or jobs with the help of proper education and health hygiene. The mission of the Pretty Foundation is to empower the girls and the women of our society and make them feel positive about their body. In recent days, it is seen that the young girls have a nose for a perfect body and the concept of the body shamming has developed. From our research the primary focus that we gained is that from the childhood there is a concept that is built on building a positive body. That is the main reason behind making this orgganisation and to help those children counsel through different ways so that they can be proud of their body color, tone and shape. There is nothing called the perfect body structure, these are all our interpretation ass to how we would like to see our self in the mirror. The primary focus or rather the age group that has been targeted is from the age group of 6 to 12 years. In order to make the society understand we need to start with the roots and lay the foundation there, so an early initiative has been taken to speak to girls and their parents as well that will include equipping and educating them with the different tools of confidence, languages in order to build the resilience to their daughters. There is a need to build gender equality in the society, women are in no way backward all they need is a push firm behind and they will conquer the world. I belief the notion o the empowerment comes only when there is a drawback so there are some famous women who are the face of a country, hence it is wrong to state that the women are lacking behind. The world is changing slowly but not rapidly on their way of looking upon a women. Earlier there was no concept of women empowerment, and they were confined to the four walls of the kitchen and maximum to their house but now slowly the concept is changing.All they need is a little push from behind in order to succeed for those who lacks the financial and the mental support and are coming from socially backward class. Text: The first page is all about the reality and the vision of the Pretty Foundation. The main motive of the organisation has been discussed along with its focus and the mission has been briefly introduced. The links to the Instagram and the Facebook pages has also been marked on their page. The website link along with the recently published journals is also described as one liners. logo of the website Text: The reason to chose the pretty foundation has also been described with the use of the different pictures along with catchy tag lines. The name why pretty was used and its recent campaigns has been stated. People could also write newsletter and share various inspirational story and also even if the have any problem. The website is all about the people who checks into their page and get to know about their orrganisation. Text: The campaigns like why the Pretty Foundation is powerful has been described. The reason behind why to chose this foundation, how it will be beneficial all has been discussed in this page. The campaigns are highlighted along with its positive impact on the society and the women has also been described. Text: There are different partners of this foundation that includes the agency and the funding partners. The agency partners include the Green Point media, The Township, The Cadena photography and the Essence Communications are some of the renowned ones. Image: PDF files that can be downloaded on how to help the parents so that the children can get a bright future Text: In this page the guidelines to the parents has been briefly explained. The parents should note this and van easily download the different PDFs which is about the organization as well as the guidelines towards the fake notion of a perfect body has been explained. Colorful pictures of children with the articles has been provided Text: The articles that has been recently published has been provided in the page. The most recent article includes the small changes for promoting a healthy body image in our daughters is the one and the date of the publication was in August. The different ways on how to donate to this organisation and the people who have donated is stated in this page. Text: The places through the social media that includes the Facebook, Instagram, Gmail and various other social medias has been provided. The address of the foundation has also been stated so that the people who are willing to drop in can easily avail their services. Some off the services are even free of cost and some are of minimal charge Analysis of approach document There is a need to alter to the different communication tactics so that the promotion may reach to maximum number of people through all possible ways (Rosenbloom 2014). The use of the speech scripts, the brochures and the press releases will help in all ways to the promotion of the Pretty Foundation and it will make the event successful. The media releases is for the journalists who will be solely responsible to telecast the event live on television or radio services or they will print it on the newspapers and magazines the following day (Van Dijk 2015). Hence, there is a lot o importance of the different communication tactics and so they must contain all the details of the program in a proper way (Friend and Jessop 2013). Apart from the website of the client, different books and journals were used in order to understand how to hold a speech and make a brochure for a non profit organisation . Research have been on the different ways on how to write the approaches of the documents and the web copy also. Apart from the website of the client, a study has been made to the other different non profit organisations even. A depth study and research has been done in order to build this assignment and make it to a good grade. The persuasive appeals that was applied while making this assignment is a mere mixture of the logos that is the logical implementation, pathos that is an appeal to the emotions of the audiences and lastly the ethos which is moral knowledge and expert level. In order to build this project, there was a need pathos to understand what the customer wants and how to fulfill their needs and on the ways on how to approach them (Austin and Pinkleton 2015). The ethos and the logos is also added so that to build this assignment with proper logic and knowledge so that it may be well presented. Lastly, it can be stated that to make any work a success there is a need to add a pinch of professionalism (Toth 2013). References Austin, E.W. and Pinkleton, B.E., 2015.Strategic public relations management: Planning and managing effective communication campaigns(Vol. 10). Routledge. Friend, J. and Jessop, N., 2013.Local Government and Strategic Choice (Routledge Revivals): An Operational Research Approach to the Processes of Public Planning. Routledge. Rosenbloom, D.H., 2014.Federal service and the constitution: The development of the public employment relationship. Georgetown University Press. Toth, E.L., 2013. The case for pluralistic studies of public relations: Rhetorical, critical, and systems perspectives.Rhetorical and critical approaches to public relations, pp.3-15. Van Dijk, T.A., 2015. Critical discourse studies: A sociocognitive approach.2015). Methods of Critical Discourse Studies, pp.63-74.

Three Levels of Consciousness free essay sample

Discuss this statement with reference to Freud’s ideas about the three levels of consciousness, the id, ego and superego, psychosexual stages of development and defence mechanisms. Sigmund Freud is a psychologist that he creates the first psychodynamic theory. This theory described how human’s personality was established and how they were operating, how the internal forces us to do or not do everything. Fred created the theory of the 3 levels of consciousness, psychosexual stage of development and defence mechanisms that described the idea and perspective about human personality. In this synopsis, discussion will be made about the impact of Freud’s theory, how they affect the development of psychology and the concepts of themselves and exploring the reason why the influence of Freud’s theory has declined. Firstly, the three levels of consciousness include id, ego and superego (Diane amp; Sally, 2009) . Fred’s view of how people‘s consciousness levels operate. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Levels of Consciousness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ego relates to the idea, thoughts or rational perceptions of human; Superego relates to conscience, morals of human that learn from the society or traditional culture; Id relates to selfish, childish though or immediate gratification of human (Robert, 2001). Those levels of consciousness mutually balance and control each other. There would be negative feeling happened if the id produce some desires, at the same time superego would produce repugnant feeling. People follow the thought of id (desire) and practice it, after that the result is guilty feelings. For example, if id‘s power lost control, people would like to do something wrong to himself or damage the society. But those levels of consciousness are hard to apply to the people. Especially the id (unconscious) level is hard to find out and prevent it to affect others and the society. Because the unconscious of human usually discover by a Clinical Psychologist, that they hypnotize the patient to get the result. A personality development also relate to parenting style, environment and social culture. In different parenting pattern, several types of personality could be train to the children. In different conditions people can grow their children to be what they want, they would use their own style. For example, a liberal family which allow their children to do whatever they want compare to a tradition family which are authority to control their children to do everything. The children in these two groups would be developed totally different. The levels of consciousness theory cannot fit in several conditions of different culture. It only generally describe a people’s consciousness may work like that. Freud discovered this theory by his work as he worked with the mental illness people. These patients were different that they were accepting to the treatment. Freud had not found any ‘normal’ person to text. This is difficult to imagine the terms in this theory. Secondly, defence mechanisms theory described about the protection of human being to avoid neglect feeling-anxiety (James, p504). It is a reaction pattern that coping with the problems. And there are lots coping forms of defence mechanism such as repression, rationalization, displacement, reaction formation, sublimation, projection and regression (James, 2010). When human beings face different problem and issues in daily life, they will use different method protect them to avoid anxiety. For example, when a student asks a professor to give him extension for doing assignment, the professor refuses. So the student kicks down the rubbish bin and speak some aggressive words. In this case, the student uses displacement to respond to his situation. He tries to put his anger from study to hit a rubbish bin. Defence mechanisms describe that displacement is diverting behaviour or thought away from its natural target toward a less threatening target. Freud created the defence mechanisms theory by his personal experience. When his daughter Anna was growing up, Freud discovered that Anna’s reaction to several difficulties in her daily life which had a fixed method. After his observation of Anna’s reaction he created the theory of defence mechanisms (James, 2010) . However every human being is individual and unique. There are lots of reasons to affect the children’s behaviour, like environment, parenting style, social culture. So defence mechanisms only briefly describe unique event may show that people’s mind but not the real meaning or their personality. Fred’s perspective of the reaction of people protect themselves is too negative that he thinks human being selfish. In other word Freud mentioned that the defence mechanisms theory help people to avoid the anxiety to protect them not to be emotional or depression. According to his theory, if one people face some trouble in their life, they will use different patterns avoid the damage. So the unhappiness or pressure of them would be transformed to others people or activities. For example, someone wanted to apply a job which is his favour. However he missed the deadline to apply that he forgot to check the due date of application. So he would give himself an excuse like he did not reality like this job. He used rationalization to prove his action was rational and justifiable. Then he would not get hurt of this event. If the defence mechanisms theory is right, this is hard to explain that people usually remember lots of unhappiness moment in the past. Suppose the defence mechanism was helping people to avoid the crises but this theory have not described when did it fail and why. Thirdly the idea of stage of psychosexual development describe about the personality is affected by the sexual needs of human as they are child. Stages of Psychosexual development describes that human’s personality is influence by the sexual pleasure in 5 stages. The five stages include oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital stage. The stages of psychosexual development cover the age from birth to puberty onward. (Richard amp; Elizabeth, 1983) . The psychosexual energy would flow to other parts of the body when the child grows. So human have several needs in each stage need to focus and solve. If human can successfully complete the stages of psychosexual development, they would have a health personality. If not, the personality of people would have several issues until the sexual needs have been resolved. Freud believes that everyone have psychosexual pleasure that need to satisfy in each stages. Fred proposed that the behaviour of child reflect that they have the original pleasure need to express. The psychosexual pressure started from stimulation of the mouth to sensation of bowel movement, touching the genitals, supress the psychosexual interest and strong contact with others people. For example, in oral stage human’s sexual interest is focus on their month (the habitat of eating). If the parent did not provide enough stimulation of child’s month, the psychosexual energy would fixate at the oral stage. ‘Someone fixated at this stage continues to receive great pleasure from eating, drinking and smoking and may also have lasting concerns with dependence and independence’ (James, 2010). The Psychosexual development theory is a controversial concept that Fred assumes the sexual need of human being start at that young age. Although this is undeniable that the behaviour on different age of child development could be found, however this is hard to prove the child’s behaviour relate to sexual pleasure. Freud’s idea of fixation at various stages, central to much of his thinking is difficult to test (Grunbaum, 1986; Popper, 1986) . For example, the stages of psychosexual development talks about that when people’s characteristic of being orderliness or sloppiness, it relates to the anal stage and the child might affect by a strict or lenient toilet training. However this is no evidence connecting the people who is orderliness or sloppiness to a toilet training (Fisher amp; Greenberg, 1977) . In other words, the last two stage of psychosexual development is not completed in the theory. The latent period is evidently a product of European culture but it doesn’t appear in all societies. Also the latent and genital stage described a common behaviour like playing with peers of people’s same sex and opposite sex (James, p 503) . but this is no evidence to prove that it relates this is the psychosexual need of human. In phallic stage of early childhood Freud mention that boy would have a sexual attachment to their mother, girls to their fathers, these development call Oedipus and Electra complexes. Freud even recognizes that the child at that age would aggressive urge the same-sex parent. These assumptions are hard to prove so the crises of psychosexual development emphasis on sexual are rejected by many psychoanalysts (Diane, 2009, p26-27). To summarize the stage of psychosexual development, Freud mentions several views to the child’s behaviour to sexual energy. However there is less evidence to prove. In conclusion, Sigmund Freud’s three levels of consciousness, psychosexual stage of development and defence mechanisms theory bring lots of new and brave assumption in the history. The perspectives and theories he had provided are very important to open our eyes. Freud influence extends not only in psychology area, it extent to sociology, literature, art, religion and politics. However his view of human development tends to much more negative and adventurous. Fred’s psychosexual stage of development is not fulfilled but this is a vanguard of psychology. Fred’s theories provide lots of important information and lead the psychologist base on his theory to do their research on human development. Such as Erikson, he created the eight stage of psychosocial development theory is alike to Fred’s psychosexual stage of evelopment. Although Freud’s theory is hard to practice, his ideas of human being still learned by people but not that much. Freud left an indelible mark on human’s psychological development.

Difference Between Atomic Mass and Mass Number

Difference Between Atomic Mass and Mass Number There is a difference between the meanings of the chemistry terms  atomic mass and mass number. One is the average weight of an element and the other is the total number of nucleons in the atoms nucleus. Atomic mass is also known as atomic weight. Atomic mass is the weighted average mass of an atom of an element based on the relative natural abundance of that elements isotopes.The mass number is a count of the total number of protons and neutrons in an atoms nucleus. Key Takeaways: Atomic Mass Versus Mass Number The mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom. It is a whole number.The atomic mass is the average number of protons and neutrons for all natural isotopes of an element. It is a decimal number.Atomic mass value sometimes change over time in publications as scientists revise the natural isotope abundance of elements. Atomic Mass and Mass Number Example Hydrogen has three natural isotopes: 1H, 2H, and 3H. Each isotope has a different mass number. 1H has 1 proton. Its mass number is 1. 2H has 1 proton and 1 neutron. Its mass number is 2. 3H has 1 proton and 2 neutrons. Its mass number is 3. 99.98% of all hydrogen is 1H 0.018% of all hydrogen is 2H 0.002% of all hydrogen is 3H Together, they give a value of atomic mass of hydrogen equal to 1.0079 g/mol. Atomic Number and Mass Number Be careful you dont confuse atomic number and mass number. While the mass number is the sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom, the atomic number is only the number of protons. The atomic number is the value found associated with an element on the periodic table because it is the key to the elements identity. The only time the atomic number and mass number are the same is when you are dealing with the protium isotope of hydrogen, which consists of a single proton. When considering elements in general, remember the atomic number never changes, but because there may be multiple isotopes, the mass number may change.

Applying Learning Theory in the Classroom

Applying Learning Theory in the Classroom The two main influential learning approaches are the behaviourist and the cognitive approach to learning theories. This report critically evaluates how learning theories are applied in the 14-19 Applied Science classroom. It examines how behaviourism, although an outdated theory, is still relevant in the modern classroom and is still used in developing the rewards and sanctions policies of the modern school. The impact of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is evaluated and what possible difficulties might arise if they were applied exactly as Piaget dictated. The impact of adhering rigorously to Piaget maturational stages is criticised and how it might not be possible to adhere to set ages for progression in a school. Kolb, Vygotsky and Bruner’s constructivist approaches are compared and shown that, when applied to a motivated class they work as they were originally intended and yet when applied to a more disaffected class, they aren’t as easily applied. T he science classroom is an inherently dangerous place for students to work in (Frost, Turner, 2005, p.168). It is therefore necessary to instil a level of ‘discipline’ in the students, to ensure they minimize the dangers to themselves and others in the science classroom. It is necessary to ‘condition’ (Child, 1997, pp.114-121)the students to behave when certain commands are issued. Behaviour theorists believed that the mind was a blank slate ‘tabula rasa’ and that we could observe the response to stimulus that happened to an organism. Watson thought that a response is more likely to be connected to an environmental event (stimulus), if that stimulus-response is repeated regularly and with a short period of time between them (Child, 1997, p.115). Thorndike showed that the student is less likely to repeat negative stimulus-responses, which therefore means that there will be an increase in the positive stimulus-responses, until a correct response is repeated regularly. The stimulus-response is then reinforced whenever a positive result is produced (Child, 1997, pp.114-121). Skinner made several conclusions from his findings in Operant Conditioning (Child, 1997, pp.119-121). The steps taken in the conditioning process must be small. Regular rewards are required at the early stages, but once the conditioning is reflexive, rewards can be given less regularly. The rewards must come immediately or shortly after a positive response to ensure maximum effectiveness (feedback) (Child, 1997, pp.114-121) When discussing learning theories, it’s necessary to mention Pavlov due to the importance held in his work, even if it doesn’t really directly affect the classroom. Pavlov pioneered the idea of classical conditioning with his famous experiment where he taught dogs to salivate, when a stimulus was applied, just before food was given to them. The dogs eventually associated the ringing of the bell with the arrival of food an d salivated in anticipation of the food arriving (Child, 1997, pp.116-118). Pavlov’s work does not directly link to teaching in the classroom, but it does apply, in that the students may be conditioned, to have a memory or a response to an event that happens within the classroom environment.

Tourism destinations in the digital and social media age Research Proposal - 1

Tourism destinations in the digital and social media age - Research Proposal Example This can be seen in numerous industries, which has led to the emergence of new models of business aimed at capitalizing on the new opportunities, as well as to win, influence, and engage the consumer. The tourism sector has been one of the industries that have been significantly disrupted by social and digital media. As tourists become more internet-savvy, they no longer receive information through direct personal recommendations or passively. Rather, they gather experiences on travel from the internet and receive recommendations on destinations from people in the destinations they would like to visit (Hudson & Thal, 2013: p158). This research will be designed into five chapters. The first will offer considerable background information with regards to the social and digital media use in marketing tourist destination. The second chapter will involve the methodology using qualitative research through a case study as the major data collection technique. Chapter 3 will tackle an intensive literature review, aimed at narrowing down the scope of theory. The fourth chapter will consist of an empirical study, which will deal with empirical data collected via an interview with a player in tourism industry. Finally, the fifth chapter will involve analysis of the research, discussion of the results, and a conclusion. Neuts et al (2013: p74) argue that ICT advances have resulted in unprecedented challenges and opportunities to tourism, especially as the sector is information-intensive. The tourism industry demands an increased role of web 2.0 technologies, especially in the marketing and promotion of destinations. According to Hvass and Munar (2012: p97), the social and digital media have become the major tools for delivering information in the industry. Munar et al (2013: p43) concur by stating that social and digital media in marketing offers tourist destinations an added competitive advantage. Thus, almost all

Obesity among school-aged Native American Children in New Research Paper

Obesity among school-aged Native American Children in New - Research Paper Example The essay describes the Native American community in New Mexico in terms of its similarities and diversity in the wider American society. The paper also provides a variety of causes and reasons for the obesity epidemic among Native American young children. Finally, the paper suggests several intervention measures that can be implemented to abate the current obesity problem. Different stakeholders, including community and public health practitioners, need to come together with other state agencies to provide early interventions and treatment measures. Obesity among children is a significant health challenge in the US. According to the National Center for Health statistics (2009), the number of children suffering from obesity has more than doubled since 1980.According to the healthy people 2020 report (2014), the focus of improving the quality of life should be towards eradicating chronic diseases such as obesity. This paper discusses several multifaceted causes and solutions to eradicate this pervasive health problem. Childhood obesity in the US has hit epidemic proportions, putting children at risk for preventable chronic and acute medical complications. Children depend on adults around them in order to recognize several health hazards in their environment and respond to their health needs appropriately. The children go through several changes physically and emotionally as they continue to grow and develop (Healthy Kids New Mexico, 2014). This makes them a very vulnerable group, which requires great attention in order to be able to access better treatment and preventive measures. The changes they go through can predispose children to various health problems as well as affecting their social relationships with people around them. Most of the health problems resulting from obesity are associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Obesity also has a tremendous impact on the psychological development of school-aged children since it affects their

Male and Segmentation Base Essay Example for Free

Male and Segmentation Base Essay Introduction: In this assignment I am going to describe the customer profile for each of the five target groups for product/service and explain how and why these groups are targeted. 1.Product: IPhone 5 Segmentation base: Demographic, Psychographic/ Age, Social class, Target market: Teenagers and Adults Customer profile: Aged mainly between 18+, aimed at both male and female, medium/ high class How/ Why targeted * Product: IPhone 5, mainly used for calling/texting or communicating with others, also used for pictures, music and downloading apps. * Place: T-Mobile, Carphone warehouse, Phones4u, Tesco * Promotion: This product can be promoted through TV advertisement, posters, internet, and leaflets. By promoting this product, more people can then find out about it and it will get more popular which means that more people will be buying is. * Price: The price of IPhone 5 is from  £499  £529 2.Product: Colgate Toothpaste smiles Segmentation base: Benefit segmentation / needs, safety, esteem Target market: Children Customer profile: Aged mainly between 2-6 years old, aimed at both male and female, How/ Why targeted * Product: Colgate Toothpaste smiles is only used by children aged 4 to 6 as it is not a strong as adult’s toothpaste and it has a mild flavour. * Place: Boots, Superdrug’s, Tesco * Promotion: This product can be promoted through TV advertisement, posters, internet, and leaflets. By promoting this product, Adults/ mothers might consider in buying it if they have young children. * Price: The price of Colgate Toothpaste smiles is  £1.32 3.Product: Gucci by flora perfume Segmentation base: Demographical, psychological/ age group, gender, enjoys shopping Target market: Females Customer profile: Aged mainly between 16+, aimed at females. How/ Why  targeted * Product: Flora by Gucci perfume is only used by females as the smell is not as strong as males perfumes. * Place: Superdrug’s, Boots, Pharmacies. * Promotion: This product can be promoted through TV advertisement, posters, internet, and leaflets. By promoting this product, Females will be interested in buying the perfume as the brand is very popular. * Price: The price of the perfume can be between  £40 to  £72 4 .Product: Ford Segmentation base: Psychological, Demographical / lifestyle, enjoys shopping, age group, family size, Target market: young adults/ adults Customer profile: Aged aimed at 16 and over, aimed at both males and females. How/ Why targeted * Product: Ford cars are used by young adults and adults 16+ as it is illegal for anyone younger that this to be driving a car. * Place: The cars can be bought from their website, Auto trader * Promotion: This product can be promoted through TV advertisement, posters, internet, and leaflets. By promoting this product, people that are interested in buying a new car, can then go and visit one of their stores and buy a car. * Price: There are different prices for every car it can start from  £8,000  £20,000 and over. 5.Product: Disney Princess puzzles Segmentation base: Demographic, psychological / activities, interest, hobbies, age group, gender. Target market: female children Customer profile: Aged mainly between 4 5 Years old, aimed at females. How/ Why targeted * Product: Disney Princess puzzles is only used by female children aged 4 to 5. * Place: Argos and WHSmith * Promotion: This product can be promoted through TV advertisement, posters, internet, and leaflets. By promoting this product, parents and guardians might be interested in buying something for entertainment for their child or for a present. * Price: The price of the puzzles can be different depending on the size, but it will be around  £5 to  £10. Business-to-business market Costco to Corner shops 6.Product: Coca Cola Segmentation base: Geographical; region, area of the country, city Target market: males and females Customer profile: Aged mainly between 10+, aimed at males and females. How/ Why targeted * Product: Coca-Cola * Place: Corner shops could buy stacks of Coca-Cola from Costco as it is cheaper to buy it from there. * Promotion: This product can be promoted through TV advertisement, posters, internet, and leaflets. By promoting this product, people are more likely to go to Costco and buy it from there as it will be more cost efficient. * Price: 1 bottle of Coca Cola is  £1.99 at Corner shops, whereas if they go to Costco they will spend less as there will be 8 bottles of 1/2 litre for only  £6.25 Wilkinsfoods to Tesco 7.Product: Eggs Segmentation base: Geographical; region, area of the country, city Target market: males and females Customer profile: any ages, aimed at males and females. How/ Why targeted * Product: Eggs * Place: Tesco * Promotion: This product can be promoted through their website, leaflets and radio. By promoting this product, people will find out about this farm, and Tesco might consider in buying their eggs as they cheap. * Price: It depends on how many eggs the organisation wants; Small, medium, large and very large and come as standard packed into keyes trays (15 dozen outers or 30 dozen outers). Conclusion: In this assignment I have described the customer profile for each of the five target groups for product/service of Tesco’s and Car manufacturer and have explained how and why these groups are targeted.

An Analysis Of John Berger Essay -- essays research papers fc

Pictures Don’t Always Paint a Thousand Words John Berger makes a bold statement in saying “ No other relic or text from the past can offer such a direct testimony about the world which surrounded other people at other times. In this respect images are more precise and richer than literature,'; (Ways of Reading, 106). This statement is very untrue. Literature has been the focal point of all modern learning.. Literature lets the reader feel what the author is thinking, not just see it as you would in a painting. This can be proven after reading Berger ‘s descriptions of paintings in Ways of Seeing and also reading parts of literature written by W.E.B Dubois.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When a reader reads literature it is easy to feel what the author is writing about . An author’s job is to show the reader his point of view. He does this by describing things, offering opinions, and making conclusions. By doing this the author can get his point across and the reader can hopefully relate to him. A good author will also paint his own picture by words. He will leave the reader with a picture in his head of what he is describing. A writer’s words are stronger than the stroke of an artist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An example of this could be from W.E.B Dubois ‘s Of the Meaning of Progress . DuBois paints us a picture of his life . On page 225, DuBois describes a child , he says “ Thenie was on hand early ,-a jolly, ugly ,good-hearted , who slyly dipped snuff and looked after her little bow legged brother.'; This description is something a picture can not describe. A picture cannot significantly show someone being jolly or good hearted. These two descriptions are important in learning about the character, thus literature is more precise than images.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Berger’s also states that paintings leave the reader to make many conclusions. Berger is talking about the sitter in a painting by Frans Hals. He says “ It is not possible to produce circumstantial evidence to establish what there relationships were, ';(110). Here he is saying by looking at the picture, there aren’t many valid conclusions one can make. The viewer can see five people and describe what they look like, but he cannot dig any deeper. Any other conclusion a reader would mak... ...rpretations. Paintings are left open for the viewer to make his own conclusion. An author could send out an essay to a million different people and receive and still have only one interpretation. An author often will write a thesis statement which lets the reader know exactly what the writing will be about.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, literature is what has built this nation and world from the ground up. Unfortunately John Berger did not feel this way. Images give us a picture that we can see with our eyes, but images leave out the feelings we see in our heart. Literature gives us the power to see and feel everything. The heart and mind will forever be more powerful than the eye.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  WORKS CITED Berger, John. “Ways of Seeing.'; Ways of Reading. Ed. David Bartholomae and Anthony Petrosky. Bedford/St. Martin’s: New York, Boston, 1999. Pg 104-132. Du Bois, W.E.B. “Of the Meaning of Progress.'; Ways of Reading. Ed. David Bartholomae and Anthony Petrosky. Bedford/St. Martin’s: New York, Boston, 1999. Pg 224-231.

Introduction Speech Essay

Fall seven times get up eight is an old proverb my grandma and mom use to tell me. Hello, my name is Nicole and I would like to tell you some details about myself. First of all I would like to start with my family. I have a brother (age 9) and a sister (age 12). My parents were in the middle of getting a divorce right around the time when my dad passed away. I consider my mom one of my best friends and she is one of the few people I can go to whenever I need advice. I have not lived with them since my senior year in high school because of some family issues. I moved around a lot my senior year and the dorm is the most stable place I have at the moment. My mom, my sister and I have a lot in common especially when it comes to hobbies. We all three enjoy to read outdoors and helping others whenever we have the chance. I love anything that deals with music. I sometimes feel like I wouldn’t be able to live without it. I like singing, dancing, and playing the piano and saxophone. I have played each of those since around the age of eleven. I also enjoy spending time with my boyfriend and friends any chance I get. At times they are all I have to make me feel wanted. After my dad passed I have depended a lot on them. My friends and boyfriend will always be important to me because I believe that my dad should have known who I will marry, who I hang out with, and what I want to do. I told him before he passed that I wanted to be a nurse, and because of that, I am determined to succeed and be a nurse so I will not let him down. To be honest I am really scared I will fail, But then I remember the old Japanese proverb my grandma and my mom would always tell me, and I have enough courage to keep going no matter how many times I make a mistake. In conclusion, if one falls seven times he should get up ei ght.

A Mother’s Day Kiss-off; Critique Essay

â€Å"A Mother’s Day Kiss-off† was written by Leslie Bennetts to change the male view of everyday mothers. Bennetts wrote this because she has witnessed and studied these events. She wrote that mothers should not just be praised on one day a year versus the 365 days that she is doing it alone, well mostly. Not only is this problematic for the child but for the parents relationship as well. She wanted to make clear that women’s roles in parenting have been changing for several years now. They should be closely reviewed before assuming the roles will stay the same as they may have been in the past. Male parents too often expect mothers to maintain a household, work full time and take care of the children. Little do they understand the roles should take over for both parents not just one. Many mothers find their careers to be put on hold because they cannot go to school on top of everything else. This leads to disputes between income needs and family needs. This is commonly a call for divorce and other family members fear in anger that it could end a marriage. Father’s should want to take on family roles as the mother does. While most mothers make sure the needs of the child are fulfilled most fathers do not pay mind to things like; doctor visits, school sicknesses and playdates. They just expect a clean house, a warm meal, and a well maintained child. Mom’s are expected to drop everything including their jobs to take after the child, meaning having to leave work or be late to work, or having to stay home with a sick child. It all means the same, it’s not necessarily tradition of housewives but the role of mothers has simply changed. Too many families are failing to realize this drastic life style change that Bennett’s encounters. If roles were to ever switch fathers would understand the financial and emotional needs of a child, piled on to a full time job. One day Leslie hopes this will be an eye-opener for the opposing parent. Most mothers will continue to stay faithful to this lifestyle while others rush to find a way out. For some this role will change and others it will remain the same. Bennetts writes this article in hope that the father figure and other family members will  arrange changes in a life style to accommodate the mother, in my family this did not happen. In response to this article, I have a personal view of this very problem. My father expected my mom to clean and cook and do household chores, but also to work full time and take care of me. My dad drove truck so he wasn’t home often enough to see what my mother went through. He stayed within tradition like he thought it should be. This happens a lot and not just my family but many American families like my own. I do think she had a purpose to change a father’s lifestyle point of view, but not to change the person themselves. I agree that the roles have changed but for some families in the opposing argument, do not like the role switch and will continue in tradition to their previous generations. Bennetts is blind to the idea that some American housewives enjoy their lifestyle, not all families and mothers are miserable playing this role. She may assume so but it’s not a subject you can just assume upon, it is a serious issue that needs facts, not biased information written out of fear or anger. The family I was raised in relied on the father to take care of financial needs and the mother to take care of social and emotional needs of the family and the child. Some families are dependent on one income and cannot afford to make a change. Other families do not want to change and enjoy their outdated lifestyle.

Word Choice Historical vs. Historic - Proofread My Paper

Word Choice Historical vs. Historic - Proofread My Paper Word Choice: Historical vs. Historic Even native English speakers get â€Å"historical† and â€Å"historic† mixed up, as many assume they mean the same thing. There is, however, a difference. And when it comes to academic writing, accuracy is everything. Make sure you use the terms â€Å"historical† and â€Å"historic† correctly in your work! Historical (Related to History) The word â€Å"historical† is a general term meaning â€Å"related to history.† It can therefore be used when referring to history or past events: Historical records show that Chicago’s population grew quickly between 1850 and 1900. It can also be used when referring to something that is based in the past: Works of historical fiction are based in the past, but they don’t report true events. Just in case you thought Long John Silver was an actual pirate. But in all cases, â€Å"historical† refers to history or the past in general. Historic (Of Historical Importance) The word â€Å"historic† has a more specific meaning, since it refers to something that has particular importance in history. This can be either something notable from the past: Nixon’s resignation was a historic moment in U.S. politics. Not a crook, eh? Or it can be something from more recent times, or even from the present day, that seems noteworthy in comparison with past events: The Chicago Cubs’ historic 2016 World Series victory will be remembered by fans forever. The key thing to remember is that â€Å"historic† is used when something stands out from history. Historical or Historic? Although these terms are sometimes used interchangeably, it’s crucial to distinguish between them in academic writing for the sake of clarity. This can be difficult, since something can be both â€Å"historical† and â€Å"historic.† For instance, the Declaration of Independence is a â€Å"historical† artifact (i.e., an object from history). But it’s also a â€Å"historic† document (i.e., a document of historical importance). A historic historical moment. One trick is to keep in mind that â€Å"historic† and â€Å"specific† both end in â€Å"-ic,† and that â€Å"historic† is more specific than â€Å"historical.† Remember: Historical = Related to or from the past Historic = Of historical importance

How can we explain the international expansion of Chinese business Essay - 1

How can we explain the international expansion of Chinese business Discuss using a big business group example(s) to illustrate your argument - Essay Example Both push and pull factors have contributed to the international expansion of Chinese business. China opened up its economy in the 1970s and gained accession to World Trading Organization (WTO) in 1990. Because of the locational advantages that China offered, it received huge inward FDI (foreign direct investment) flows since the mid-1990s which has been one of the reasons for outward FDI (OFDI). Inward FDI resulted in massive foreign currency reserves (Andersson and Wang 2011) while the MNCs in China also provided the much-needed technical know-how, competence and confidence to the domestic companies to venture overseas (Bhuiyan 2011). China no longer remained a magnet for inward FDI but now has become a major source of OFDI (Liu and Buck 2009). Most OFDI was directed towards developing nations with geographical or institutional proximity requiring limited resources. The newly industrialized economies (NICs) of East Asia and Japan engaged in OFDI due to push factors (labour shortages, high operating costs) while China initially engaged in OFDI due to pull factors (natural resource endowments and market potential) (Biggeri and Sanfilippo 2009). The motives to internationalize included enhancing the corporate brand values of Chinese enterprises (OECD 2009). However, as the Chinese government tried to integrate China into the world economy (1979-1985) only the state-owned enterprises (SEOs) were granted approval for internationalization. In the next stage the non-SOEs were allowed to expand abroad through a foreign affiliate. OFDI from China remained highly regulated during the first two decades of the economic reform (Liou 2009). As part of the Go Global Policy outlined in China’s 10th five-year plan in 2001, certain industries like textiles, machinery and electrical equipment, were provided with foreign exchange support and export tax rebates to boost internationalization.

Education, in particular equality in education Essay

Education, in particular equality in education - Essay Example In one of his Lectures on education, Emerson declared that the whole theory of schooling and education is on the mother’s knee (1). A child learns to skate, fish, make snowballs and hit a mark with a stone. This is education, the same way learning the secrets of science, history and literature is. What is important is to respect the student and impart knowledge that catches a student’s attention and brings out the genius in him. However, education today is governed by the steam instead of meeting the needs of each individual mind. According to Freire’s Educational Theory, it is important for the teachers to recognize that the students are thinking subjects rather than objects (90). Therefore, it is not possible for information to be transferred from a teacher to the learner and simply memorized. This transference of knowledge needs to be shaped through discussions and reflections and comprehended for it to be called education. He also believed that a teacher should try Humans are members of not only the society they live in, but also the world. Every human being is linked to another and it is crucial for human beings to understand each other rather than focusing on what benefits they can derive from one another, especially in times of globalization where the world has become an interdependent global village. This understanding can be gained through Liberal Education as derived by Martha Nussbaum. Nussbaum, in her article ‘Liberal Education & Global Community’ wrote that the system of higher education in many countries focuses on a single pre-professional subject whereas, the liberal arts universities will cultivate humanity within students and allow them to deal with other humans through human understanding rather than economic and political connections (2-3). According to Armstrong, Doctor Howard Gardner proposed the

Human Resources Manager Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Resources Manager - Coursework Example One of the most important requirements in recruiting the right individual for the job is educational certifications. It is important to ensure that the education background of the applicants is relevant and that all the required courses and classes for the offered position are completed. For instance, an applicant for the position of the Quality Control Engineer should have undertaken courses in Quality Control Engineering and acquired relevant certifications in relation to the courses. Another important requirement in the recruitment process is the work experience of the applicants (Francis, 2012). Given the organizations task ahead, it is important to invest in employees that have a good background in what they do to allow for maximum performance and timely achievement of the organizations goals and objectives. Work experience involves both the positions held by an individual in previous work environments and the history of their work ethics. This would be important in determining the gained skills and abilities in handling various issues within their range of roles and responsibilities. The applicants’ previous work ethics would determine their interaction with other employees in the organizational setting and the performance of activities in an ethical manner. The soft skills of the applicants are also an important requirement in determining their abilities to handle different situations within the work environment (OMeara, 2013). Some of the skills such as communication and collaboration are important in measuring the applicants’ ability to work with other members of the organization in teams. Academic competence enhances organizational performance as individuals put their acquired skills into practice; hence improving the performance of the organization (Armstrong, 2012). On the other hand, work experience promotes new approaches in the organization as different individuals apply varying

The Hunger Games and Reality TV Essay Example for Free

The Hunger Games and Reality TV Essay In the novel The Hunger Games, many aspects relate to reality TV. Through the Gamemakers and, in television producers the truth is altered. The line separating fact and fiction is truly blurred. The producers do their job so well that it leaves the audience questioning every move on the show. They wonder â€Å"where is the real in reality TV? † The answer is that due to their mixed genre and producer editing there is not any. Reality TV is not just one genre, but a mix of two. The producers â€Å"[use] the documentary-fiction genre mix to help market its product. † [ ] This â€Å"new† genre allows some leeway in the reality and fictional aspects of the show. â€Å"Reality series use documentary techniques to generate emotional accuracy; that is, the sense that these people are showing you their true emotions or are behaving in psychologically convincing ways, even if the events they are reacting to are obviously staged. †[1] The fictional aspect of this genre is what producers rely on for more ratings. Treating the show as a fictional sitcom lets the producers stage events to create more drama. They can do this easily but still have to be wary of the documentary side of the genre. If the audience can tell that there are too many fake scenes on the show they will not watch it. Viewers can go from â€Å"this show is so good,† to as Samantha Bee put it, â€Å"a totally, unabashedly fake, phony, manipulated, a sham. †[ ] Some shows can not only rely on the genre mix but also must rely on their editors. Editors of reality TV shows are the true stars because they choose what kind of story to tell. In The Hunger Games, the Gamemakers chose to tell the story of the star-crossed lovers of District 12. In reality TV the editors do the same. IF anything would harm the shows view ratings the editors take care of it. Take for instance on the CBS show Big Brother; racists comments were made during the online live feed, but knowing that would hurt the viewer ratings the editors chose to take it out of the episode air on television a few days later. [ ] This caused uproar since because it showed how manipulated reality TV shows are. Editors can also make shows more interesting by combining clips to create drama. They do their job so well that it leaves the audience questioning every move on the show. The editors also take weeks and weeks of filming and squeeze it into a 45 minute show. In reality TV, the fictional part of the genre outshines the documentary part. Through the producers’ and editors actions the truth is altered and the audience is feed lies. The line separating fact and fiction is not blurred, but broken. The audience may think it is real but it is all fake.

Study Of Bureaucratic Leadership Management Essay

Study Of Bureaucratic Leadership Management Essay The textbook describes the Bureaucratic style of leadership as a supervisor who manages by the book and is seen by his/her employees as a police officer. This type of leadership style is great for workplaces where the employees have no chance of discretion when it comes to their jobs such as accounting and law related work. The term Bureaucracy can be traced to eighteenth-century French literature. The early usage referred to an official workplace (bureau) in which individual activities were routinely determined by explicit rules and regulations. As modern systems of management, bureaucracies are designed to rationally coordinate the duties and responsibilities of officials and employees or organizations. The delineation of official duties and responsibilities by means of formal rules and programs or activity, is intended to displace and constrain the otherwise private, idiosyncratic, and unlikely personal interests an d actions of individuals. Bureaucratic systems of administration are designed to ensure that the activities of individuals rationally contribute to the goals and interests of the organizations within which they work. Bureaucracy is the world of explicitly formulated goals, rules, procedures, and givens that define and regulate the place of its members, a world of specialization and expertise, with the roles of individuals minutely specified and differentiated. Its employees are organized by purpose, process, clientele, or place, It is a world that prices consistency, predictability, stability, and efficiency more than creativity and principle. Roles and duties are prescribed less by superiors than by tradition, formal examinations, and technical qualifications. Careers and job security are protected by tenure, pensions, union rules, professional standards and appeal procedures[2] Some other important characteristics of bureaucracies are the hierarchical ordering of authority relations, limiting the areas of command and responsibility for subordinate as well and superordinate personnel, the recruitment and promotion of individuals on the basis of technical expertise and competence, a clearly defined division of labor with specialization and training required for assigned tasks, a structuring of the work environment to ensure continuous and full time employment, and the fulfillment of individual career expectations within the organization, the impersonality and impartiality of relationship among organization members and with those outside the organization, the importance of official record in the form of written documents. I feel that when talking about Bureaucratic leadership, it is more like when talking about a computers programing. A computer follows a protocol to do whatever we need it to do, the same way a Bureaucratic leader looks to the rules, the protocol, to see what needs to be done and how it is to be done. This text explains that bureaucracy discourages the kind of power that is generated by the tapping of motivational bases among employees and the marshaling of personal- as opposed to organizational- resourcesAnd Bureaucracy, far from directing social change or serving as a factor in historical causation, consciously or not helps buttress the status quo. This is majorly significant in understanding Bureaucratic leadership because most people only know that bureaucratic leadership is about following the rules but they dont understand that there is an underlying need from these bureaucratic leaders to follow the rules and that their minds are stuck in the feeling of if its not broken, why fix it as well as knowing that maybe not following the rules may result in problems for them that would not have been generated had they followed to rules. Bureaucratic authority is formal power that has been vested in persons by virtue of their holding certain positions, that is, vested in the positions themselves. Such authority may be used to influence subordinates under a system of rewards and penalties, the carrot and stick method usually, and this authority from ruler to subordinate is accepted because the subordinate is motivated to respect its credibility and legitimacy. Basically conformity is the basis of bureaucratic leadership and bureaucracy in general. The knowledge that we must follow the rules, no matter what, to get ahead is the very thing that makes us feel that no matter how much or how little work we do our efforts will not be recognized. This leads to conformity and feeds into the status quo by hammering into our heads that the very act of trying to change the way things are, the workplace, society and such, may and will end in punishment either by literally removing us from the environment, termination, or by brainwashing us to think that our actions are wrong, rehabilitation. The historical trend towards increasing bureaucratization through modern Western Europe, highlighted by the changing structure of military organizations, is documented in the works of Karl Marx, however, the study of bureaucratic structure and process as the prominent sociological topic is based on the intellectual legacy of Max Weber. Max Weber observed that bureaucratic authority was not the rule but the exception. Even in large political systems such as those in ancient empires, rulers carried out key measures through their inner circles or personal trustees, table companions, and servants of the court. In certain cultures, unlike the ones just discussed, bureaucracies were the dominant basis of the organization, empires such as the Romans and China during recent history. To Weber, power represents the ability or capacity to have other people behave in accordance with certain orders or dictates, no matter if those affected care that its application is rightful or legitimate. Authority for Weber, represents the legitimation of this power by those whose activities are ordered in such way that the application of power and its impact is deemed to be proper and acceptable. At the root or bureaucratic conflicts, lies some kind of struggle and prestige. This struggle pervades the bureaucracy because it engages persons who tap one anothers motivational and need bases and who have various power resources that they can employ or mobilize in this process. Within the bureaucratic organization, rules serve to direct individual actions in ways that promote the technical efficiency of the organization. The distinctive feature of bureaucratic organization is not the use or rules per Se but, rather, the type of rules employed within a organization as well as the justification for the use of the rules. Rules have been, and continue to be, used in all forms of administration to control individual actions, whether it is by following the rules verbatim or by loosely interpreting them.